Original research |
Peer reviewed |
Oregano oil and multi-component carbohydrases as alternatives to antimicrobials in nursery diets
Aceite de orégano y carbohidrasas de componentes múltiples como alternativas de los antimicrobianos en dietas de destete
Huile d’origan et glycosidases multi-composantes comme alternatives aux antimicrobiens dans la diète dans les pouponnières
Darryl Ragland, DVM, PhD; Deborah Stevenson, RVT; Michael A. Hill, BVetMed, MS, PhD
Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Purdue University School of Veterinary Medicine, West Lafayette, Indiana. Corresponding author: Dr Darryl Ragland, Purdue University, VCS/LYNN, 625 Harrison Street, West Lafayette, IN 47907-2026; Tel: 765-494-1209; Fax: 765-496-2608; E-mail: raglandd@purdue.edu.
Cite as: Ragland D, Stevenson D, Hill MA. Oregano oil and multi-component carbohydrases as alternatives to antimicrobials in nursery diets. J Swine Health Prod. 2008;16(5):238–243.
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SummaryObjective: To evaluate the growth-promoting potential of oregano oil and multi-component carbohydrases individually and in combination. Materials and methods: One hundred eighty 21-day-old Yorkshire-Landrace pigs were randomly assigned to five treatments. Treatments were the unsupplemented, unmedicated basal diet (Control) and the basal diet supplemented with either 4.41 g per tonne flavomycin (Huvepharma, Inc, Peachtree City, Georgia; Flavomycin), 1.5 kg per tonne oregano oil (Van Beek Scientific, Orange City, Iowa; Oregano), 50.1 g per tonne multi-component carbohydrase (Van Beek Scientific; Carbohydrase), or a combination of 750 g per tonne oregano oil and 50.1 g per tonne carbohydrase (Oregano oil-carbohydrase). Results: Pigs fed the Flavomycin diet achieved the highest (P < .05) final bodyweights, average daily gain, and average daily feed intake (ADFI). Pigs fed the Oregano oil-carbohydrase diet exhibited better feed efficiency than pigs fed the Control, Flavomycin, and Oregano diets (P < .05). Average daily gain of pigs fed the Control diet and Carbohydrase and Oregano oil-carbohydrase diets did not differ (P > .05). Pigs fed the Control diet had higher ADFI than pigs fed the Oregano, Carbohydrase, or Oregano oil-carbohydrase diets (P < .05). Implications: Under the conditions of this study, oregano oil and multi-component carbohydrases, fed individually or in combination, are inferior to flavomycin as growth-promoting supplements for nursery pigs. diets (P < .05). | ResumenObjetivo: Evaluar el potencial como promotor de crecimiento del aceite de orégano y de las carbohidrasas de componentes múltiples ofrecidos individualmente y en combinación. Materiales y métodos: Ciento ochenta cerdos Yorkshire-Landrace de 21 días de edad se asignaron al azar a cinco tratamientos. Los tratamientos fueron la dieta base no medicada, no suplementada (Control) y la dieta base suplementada con 4.41 g por tonelada de flavomicina (Huvepharma, Inc, Peachtree City, Georgia; Flavomycin), 1.5 kg por tonelada de aceite de orégano (Van Beek Scientific, Orange City, Iowa; Orégano), 50.1 g por tonelada de carbohidrasas de componentes múltiples (Van Beek Scientific; Carbohydrase), o una combinación de 750 g por tonelada de aceite de orégano y 50.1 g por tonelada de carbohidrasas (Aceite de orégano-carbohidrasas). Resultados: Los cerdos alimentados con la dieta de Flavomicina lograron los pesos corporales finales, ganancia diaria promedio, y consumo de alimento diario promedio (ADFI por sus siglas en inglés) más altos (P < .05). Los cerdos alimentados con la dieta de Aceite de orégano-carbohidrasas exhibieron una mejor eficiencia alimenticia que los cerdos alimentados con las dietas Control, Flavomicina, y Orégano (P < .05). La ganancia diaria promedio de los cerdos alimentados con la dieta Control y las dietas de carbohidrasas y Aceite de orégano-carbohidrasas no difirieron (P > .05). Los cerdos alimentados con la dieta Control tuvieron un ADFI más alto que los cerdos alimentados con las dietas de Orégano, Carbohidrasas, o Aceite de orégano-carbohidrasas (P < .05). Implicaciones: Bajo las condiciones de este estudio, las carbohidrasas de componentes múltiples y el aceite de orégano, ofrecidos en alimento de manera individual o en combinación, son inferiores a la flavomicina como suplementos de promoción de crecimiento en cerdos en destete. | ResuméObjectif: Évaluer le potentiel de l’huile d’origan et des glycosidases multi-composantes utilisé seul ou en combinaison comme promoteur de croissance. Matériels et méthodes: Cent quatre-vingt porcelets Yorkshire-Landrace âgées de 21 jours ont été répartis de manière aléatoire à cinq groupes de traitement. Les traitements étaient la ration de base non-supplémentée et sans médicament (groupe Témoin), la ration de base supplémentée avec soit 4.41 g par tonne de flavomycine (Huvepharma, Inc, Peachtree City, Georgie; Flavomycin), 1.5 kg par tonne d’huile d’origan (Van Beek Scientific, Orange City, Iowa; Origan), 50.1 g par tonne de glycosidases multi-composantes (Van Beek Scientific; Glycosidase), ou une combinaison de 750 g par tonne d’huile d’origan et 50.1 g par tonne de glycosidase (Huile d’origan-glycosidase). Résultats: Les porcs nourris avec la ration Flavomycin ont obtenu les valeurs les plus élevées (P < .05) pour le poids corporel final, le gain moyen quotidien, et la consommation moyenne quotidienne (ADFI). Les porcs nourris avec la ration Huile d’origan-glycosidase ont montré une meilleure efficacité alimentaire que les porcs nourris avec les rations Témoin, Flavomycin, et Origan (P < .05). Le gain moyen quotidien des porcs nourris avec les rations Témoins, Glycosidase, et Huile d’origan-glycosidase n’étaient pas différents (P > .05). Les animaux nourris avec la ration Témoin avaient un ADFI supérieur à celui des porcs nourris avec les rations Origan, Glycosidase, ou Huile d’origan-glycosidase (P < .05). Implications: Dans les conditions expérimentales de la présente étude, l’huile d’origan et les glycosidases multi-composantes, administré individuellement ou en combinaison, sont inférieurs à la flavomycine à titre de promoteur de croissance pour les porcs en pouponnière. |
Keywords: swine, nursery, oregano oil, multi-component
carbohydrases, flavomycin
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Received: August 8, 2007
Accepted: April 7, 2008
The use of subtherapeutic antimicrobials to improve growth and feed efficiency of food-producing animals has been an integral part of livestock production in the United States for almost 60 years.1 Use of antimicrobials in this manner is being contested on the basis that it has impaired the efficacy of antimicrobials used in the treatment of human infectious diseases.2 The perception that restricting antimicrobial use promotes a decrease in the level of resistance of microorganisms obtained from livestock is supported by published literature. Investigators in the United States determined that total elimination of antimicrobials from the swine production environment promoted a decrease in the level of antimicrobial resistance measured in Escherichia coli.3 Moreover, legislation in Denmark that mandated cessation of subtherapeutic antimicrobial use appears to have precipitated a decrease in antimicrobial resistance measured in fecal enterococci from pigs.4 However, the noteworthy consequence of restrictions on subtherapeutic antimicrobial use in Denmark was a marked increase in clinical disease in the production environment and a marked increase in the amounts of therapeutic antimicrobials required to treat these infectious processes.5 Therefore, restrictions on subtherapeutic antimicrobial use may exert an undesirable effect on animal health. Technological advances have enabled development of an extensive assortment of products and compounds that have been proposed as alternatives to subtherapeutic antimicrobials.6 Plant-based phytochemicals and enzymatic preparations are two categories of products that are viewed as potential replacements for subtherapeutic antimicrobials in swine diets. Oregano oil is an aromatic extract from the leaves of Origanum vulgare and contains the antimicrobial compounds carvacrol and thymol, which are purported to behave similarly to antimicrobials by disrupting the cell walls of bacteria.7
Published results from growth and feed-utilization studies with nursery pigs have been scarce, and the data that is emerging has been mixed as it pertains to the viability of oregano oil as a growth promoter for pigs.8,9 Supplemental enzyme technology dates back to the 1920s and grew in popularity in the 1980s, primarily because of work by digestive physiologists to characterize enzyme substrate activity, coupled with improvements in efficiency of enzyme production.10 The most notable supplemental enzyme is phytase, which has assumed a place of importance in swine nutrition programs because of efforts to improve bioavailability of phosphorus and reduce its excretion in manure.11 Other enzymatic preparations generating considerable interest in monogastric nutrition programs include multi-component enzyme formulations with the ability to degrade complex and structural carbohydrates that are indigestible in monogastric species. Investigators have documented favorable responses in pig growth and nutrient availability when nursery-pig diets were supplemented with multi-component carbohydrases.12,13 The objective of the study described herein was to evaluate the growth-promoting potential of oregano oil and multi-component carbohydrases individually and in combination.
Materials and methods
Experimental design
A 42-day growth assay was used to evaluate the effect of oregano oil and multi-component carbohydrases on pig growth and feed utilization. On entering the nursery at 21 days of age (Day 0), 180 crossbred pigs were assigned to dietary treatments, with equal numbers of barrows and gilts. The experiment consisted of a randomized complete block design with a total of six replicate blocks. Each of the five dietary treatments used in the experiment was assigned to six pens, with pen the experimental unit. Pigs were weighed weekly and a feed record was maintained to monitor feed additions. Feed consumption was determined by obtaining feeder weights on Day 21 (when the change was made from Phase One to Phase Two diets) and on Day 42 (when the study was terminated).
Pigs and housing
The pigs were farrowed at the Purdue University Animal Sciences Research and Education Center (West Lafayette, Indiana) and the study was completed in the conventional on-site nursery. Average bodyweight was 5.9 kg (SE, 0.01) on Day 0. The nursery was environmentally controlled, pens were 1.98 m2, the flooring was plastic-coated wire, and six pigs were housed in each pen. The study was reviewed and approved by the Purdue University Animal Care and Use Committee.
Diets
The basal diet (Control) consisted of an unsupplemented, unmedicated nursery formulation representative of standard nursery diet formulations used by the Purdue University Animal Sciences Research and Education Center Swine Unit (Table 1). The basal diet met or exceeded National Research Council recommendations for nursery pigs of this age.14 The basal diet was supplemented with either Flavomycin 4 (Huvepharma, Inc, Peachtree City, Georgia; 4 g bambermycins per lb of premix) at a concentration of 4.41 g per tonne (Flavomycin diet); or Royal Nutrizyme (Van Beek Scientific, Orange City, Iowa), a powdered oregano oil product, at a concentration of 1.5 kg per tonne (Oregano diet); or Zympex 008 (Van Beek Scientific), a powdered multi-component carbohydrase, at a concentration of 50.1 g per tonne (Carbohydrase diet); or Royal Nutrizyme and Zympex 008 in combination (Oregano oil-carbohydrase diet) at a concentration of 750 g per tonne and 50.1 g per tonne, respectively. The concentrated (10×) form of Zympex 008 was used to formulate the diets containing carbohydrase. Zympex 008 is described as possessing the following enzymatic affinities: α-galactosidase, β-mannanase, protease, amylase, β-glucanase, xylanase, and cellulase. Royal Nutrizyme contains 75 g oregano oil per kg of product and utilizes calcium carbonate as its primary digestible carrier. The diets supplemented with flavomycin were assayed by Eurofins Scientific Inc (Memphis, Tennessee) to determine the amount of flavomycin per tonne of complete feed.
Table 1: Basal diet composition for nursery pigs in a study evaluating the growth-promoting potential of oregano oil and multi-component carbohydrases individually and in combination*
* Pigs entered the nursery on Day 0 (mean body weight 5.9 ± 0.01 kg). Phase One diets were fed Days 0 to 20, and Phase Two diets Days 21 to 42. † Choice white grease. ‡ Lysine HCl; 78.5% L-lysine. § Supplied per kg of complete diet Days 0-20: vitamin A, 6105 IU; vitamin D, 611 IU; vitamin E, 44 IU; vitamin B12, 40 μg; menadione, 2.0 mg; riboflavin, 7.2 mg; d-pantothenic acid, 22.2 mg; niacin, 44 mg. Supplied per kg of complete diet Days 21-42: vitamin A, 5990 IU; vitamin D, 599 IU; vitamin E, 43.6 IU; vitamin B12, 30 μg; menadione, 2.0 mg; riboflavin, 7.0 mg; d-pantothenic acid, 21.8 mg; niacin, 43.6 mg. ¶ Supplied per kg of complete diet Days 0-20: copper, 11.2 mg; iodine, 0.42 mg; iron, 120 mg; manganese, 14.9 mg; zinc, 120 mg. Supplied per kg of complete diet Days 21-42: copper, 11.4 mg; iodine, 0.42 mg; iron, 122.6 mg; manganese, 15.2 mg; zinc, 122.6 mg. ** Selenium, 0.301 g/tonne. †† Natuphos 600 (BASF Animal Nutrition, Florham Park, New Jersey), 600 FTU phytase/g. NA = not applicable. |
Statistical analysis
Pen served as the unit of analysis, and least squares (LS) means for body weight, average daily gain (ADG), average daily feed intake (ADFI), and feed:gain (F:G) were calculated and subjected to an unbalanced ANOVA using the GLM procedure of SAS (SAS Institute, Cary, North Carolina,). The least significant difference test was used as the mean separation procedure. A P value of < .05 was considered significant.
Results
Assay of the Flavomycin diets determined that the Phase One diet contained 3.31 g per tonne flavomycin and the Phase Two diet contained 3.90 g per tonne flavomycin. The LS means for body weight, ADG, ADFI, and F:G data are listed in Table 2. Pigs fed the Flavomycin diet had the heaviest body weights at the end of the study, achieved the greatest ADG, and consumed the greatest amounts of feed (P < .05). Pigs fed the Oregano oil-carbohydrase diet exhibited better feed efficiency (P < .05) than pigs fed the Control, Flavomycin, and Oregano diets. Pigs fed the Control diet achieved heavier body weights and higher ADFI than pigs fed the Oregano, Carbohydrase, or Oregano oil-carbohydrase diets (P < .05). Average daily gain of pigs fed the Control diet did not differ (P > .05) from that of pigs fed the Carbohydrase and Oregano oil-carbohydrase diets. Feed efficiency of pigs fed the Flavomycin diet did not differ (P > .05) from that of pigs fed the Control diet and the diets supplemented with oregano oil and carbohydrase individually. Pigs fed the diet containing carbohydrase had higher (P < .05) final body weights, ADG, and ADFI than pigs fed the diet supplemented with oregano oil. The treatment combining oregano oil and carbohydrase resulted in final body weights, ADG, and F:G that did not differ (P > .05) from those observed in pigs supplemented with carbohydrase alone. No difference (P > .05) in ADFI was observed for pigs supplemented with oregano oil alone or with oregano oil-carbohydrase.
Table 2: Least squares means for body weight, average daily gain (ADG), average daily feed intake (ADFI), and feed:gain (F:G) of nursery pigs fed diets containing flavomycin, oregano oil, carbohydrases, oregano oil-carbohydrases in combination, or the unsupplemented base diet (Days 0-42)*
* Pigs approximately 21 days of age at weaning (Day 0). Control (basal) diets described in Table 1. Supplements were added to the basal diets at the expense of corn. † Flavomycin 4 (Huvepharma, Inc, Peachtree City, Georgia) added to the basal diet at 4.41 g/tonne. ‡ Powdered oregano oil product (Royal Nutrizyme; Van Beek Scientific, Orange City, Iowa) added to the basal diet at 1.5 kg/ tonne. § Zympex 008 (Van Beek Scientific) added to the basal diet at 50.1 g/tonne. ¶ Royal Nutrizyme and Zympex 008 added to the basal diet at 750 and 50.1 g/tonne, respectively. ** During the study, two pigs from the Control, two pigs from the flavomycin, three pigs from the carbohydrase, and one pig from the oregano oil-carbohydrase treatments were removed from the study for antimicrobial therapy due to infectious arthritis-synovitis, presumed Streptococcus suis infection, or both. abcd Values within a row with different superscripts differ (P < .05; unbalanced ANOVA). The pen was the experimental unit. SE = standard error; NA = not applicable. |
During the study, two pigs from the flavomycin treatment, three pigs from the carbohydrase treatment, two pigs from the control treatment, and one pig from the oregano oil-carbohydrase treatment were removed from the study for antimicrobial therapy due to infectious arthritis-synovitis, presumed Streptococcus suis infection, or both.
Discussion
Greater utilization of feed additives described as alternatives to subtherapeutic antimicrobials may become necessary if proposed legislation restricting antimicrobial growth promotion gains approval in the United States.15 Complete restriction of antimicrobial growth promotion would satisfy some in the human health field; however, the impact on animal health, animal production, and the economics of production could present greater challenges to the livestock industry.5 Products containing oregano oil have been in development for several years, and interest in these products as antimicrobial alternatives continues to grow.16 Oregano oil is believed to exert its effect by improving palatability and promoting greater feed intake. Oregano is a member of the mint family and imparts a lasting odor to feed. The number of published studies evaluating oregano oil supplementation in nursery-age pigs has been limited, but more information is emerging.8,9 Several published studies17-19 have evaluated the benefit of feeding oregano oil to sows, and the results have been encouraging on the basis of improvements in sow mortality, culling rate, farrowing rate, liveborn piglets per litter, and feed intake. The results of the current study agree with those described by other investigators20 and with work conducted by our group,21 in which oregano-oil supplementation failed to promote improvements in pig growth or feed utilization. The modest response in ADG by pigs fed the diet containing oregano oil appears to be due in part to markedly lower ADFI than that observed in the Control, Flavomycin, and Carbohydrase treatments. Another factor that merits consideration is interspecies variation of O vulgare as it pertains to the potential impact on carvacrol and thymol content in the extracted oil. Carvacrol and thymol are the active compounds in oregano essential oil and are described as possessing antimicrobial properties.7 Regional differences in cultivars may influence levels of these compounds and potentially influence the magnitude of growth and feed utilization responses to diet supplementation.
Supplemental enzymes represent a class of feed additives that have grown in importance because of their observed capacity to positively influence nutrient availability and significantly reduce nutrient excretion into the environment.11 Carbohydrate enzymes function by attacking and degrading β-1,3 and β-1,4 linkages of complex carbohydrates like arabinoxylans and glucans in cereal grains and oilseed meals.22 Monogastric animals do not secrete these enzymes and are unable to utilize more complex sugars in some cereal grains. A pertinent example of how carbohydrases function is the effect of glucanase on β-glucan residues in barley and oats. β-glucans cause increased viscosity of intestinal contents in poultry and result in “sticky droppings” which impair carcass and egg quality.23 The literature appears to support the theory that dietary supplementation with enzymes that possess an affinity for carbohydrate moieties improves pig performance.12,13,24,25
In the current study, supplementation with multi-component carbohydrases resulted in higher final body weight, ADG, and ADFI in treated pigs than in pigs fed the diet supplemented with oregano oil. The lack of a greater response in pig performance to enzyme supplementation was most likely due to the fact that corn-soy diets do not contain significantly high amounts of non-starch polysaccharides, compared to cereals like barley, oats, wheat, and rye. Therefore, the amount of available substrate may have been limiting due to composition of the diet, effectively restricting the activity of the enzyme. Supplementing the basal diet with oregano oil-carbohydrase resulted in higher final body weight and ADG than that in pigs fed the diet supplemented with oregano oil alone. The oregano oil-carbohydrase combination also supported a lower F:G than did the Control diet and the diets supplemented with either flavomycin or oregano oil. The possibility of a synergistic effect between oregano oil and carbohydrase must be considered in the observed feed-utilization response, because final body weight and ADG were lower in pigs fed oregano oil alone. Response to enzyme supplementation is often variable and frequently depends on the enzyme formulation, its substrate affinities, and presence of the specific substrates in the diet.
Reduced reliance on antimicrobials in swine nutrition programs is strongly advocated, but the bambermycin class of antimicrobials may represent part of the solution to the antibiotic resistance dilemma. Evidence has existed for more than 30 years that demonstrate the positive effect of bambermycins on expressed antimicrobial resistance. Investigators observed that supplementation of swine diets with flavomycin, either alone or in combination with chlortetracycline, significantly decreased the number of E coli that contained R-factor plasmids coding for tetracycline resistance.26 The same investigators also observed that flavomycin has a similar mitigating effect on E coli resistance to the antimicrobial streptomycin.27 The ability of flavomycin to reduce the level of expressed antimicrobial resistance by modulating R-factor plasmids has since been described as a “plasmid-curing effect.”28 Flavomycin carries a label for swine; however, it has been used more extensively in poultry feeding programs. A promising item of consideration relative to the use of bambermycins in livestock production is the fact that an equivalent preparation from this class does not exist for human use. Therefore, use of flavomycin in food-producing animals should not contribute to concerns related to antimicrobial resistance in humans.
Implications
- Under the conditions of this study, oregano oil and multi-component carbohydrases, fed individually or in combination, are inferior to flavomycin as growth-promoting supplements for nursery pigs.
- More research is warranted to assess the potential value of multi-component carbohydrases in swine diets.
- Flavomycin may represent a viable antimicrobial growth promotant for nursery-age pigs because of its capacity to improve pig performance and lack of an analogous preparation in use in human medicine.
Acknowledgments
The authors are grateful to Van Beek Scientific for their assistance and to the Lew Runnels Endowment for financial support of this research endeavor. The staff of the Purdue University Animal Sciences Research and Education Center is acknowledged for their efforts on this project.
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